Notes on Hypothalamic-pituitary system

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All related hormones are water soluble.
Pulsatile hormone-release system, except thyroid system.

Production:
Neuronal cell bodies in the arcuate and paraventricular nuclei: TRH, CRH, GHRH, somatostatin, PIF.
Preoptic nucleus: GnRH.

Transport:
• Hypothalamus to hypophyseal-portal system to anterior pituitary.
• Pituitary stalk: connects hypothalamus and anterior pituitary; if cut, only prolactin increases causing hyperprolactinemia.

Effects:
• +TRH affects +TSH.
• +CRH affects +ACTH.
• +GnRH affects +LH, +FSH.
• +GHRH affects +GH.
• +Somatostatin affects -GH.
• +PIF/dopamine affects -prolactin.

Sheehan syndrome:
• Pituitary in pregnancy is enlarged and vulnerable to infection.

Hyperprolactinemia:
• Causes: medications or diseases affecting hypothalamus or pituitary stalk.
• Findings in men: galactorrhea, decreased libido, impotence, hypogonadism.
• Findings in women: amenorrhea, galactorrhea.
• Treatment: surgically remove tumor or give bromocriptine.

Additional Readings:

Basic Endocrinology

Introduction to Endocrinology
1. Hypothalamic-pituitary system
2. Adrenal Hormones
3. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) and ECF Regulation
4. Endocrine Pancreas
5. Growth Hormone
6. Adrenal Medulla
7. Hormonal Control of Calcium and Phosphate
8. Thyroid Hormones
9. Hormones of Male Reproduction
10. Hormones of Female Reproduction
11. Fluid Compartments of the Body
12. Notes on Hypothalamus Anterior Pituitary and Thyroid
13. Additional Notes on Female Reproduction
14. Hormonal Signaling Pathways

Related Topics

1. Histology of the Endocrine System
2. Histology of the Male Reproductive System
3. Histology of the Female Reproductive System

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