Random USMLE Facts volume 3-8

Rahul's Noteblog Notes on USMLE facts, Exam Tips, and USMLE Lab Values Random USMLE Facts volume 3-8

Random USMLE Facts volume 3-8:

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What is anterior compartment syndrome?

Anterior compartment syndrome results from fluid accumulation in the anterior fascial compartment of the leg. There is compression of the deep peroneal nerve and some part of the superficial peroneal nerve. Findings include pain in the anterior part of the leg and weakness in dorsiflexing the toes on the affected side.

What is the best way to detect a gene deletion or mutation?

PCR technique; eg., detect cystic fibrosis gene.

Describe fetal hematopoiesis:

Hematopoiesis begins in the yolk sac, then moves to the liver, then moves to spleen, and finally the bone marrow.

What metabolic disorder does complete renal shutdown cause?

Metabolic acidosis.

What is the most common adverse effect of cyclosporine?

Nephrotoxicity.

What are the FSH, LH, and GnRH values in POS?

Increased GnRH and LH, and low FSH.

What are some normal lab findings in a normal pregnancy?

Plasma and RBC mass are increased; hemoglobin and serum creatinine and BUN is decreased; urine glucose test is positive.

Which artery directly supplies the nasal mucosa?

The sphenopalatine artery - which is a terminal branch of the maxillary artery - which in turn is a branch of the external carotid artery.

What is the difference between Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium falciparum?

Plasmodium falciparum causes the most serious type of malaria (48-hour fever spikes), while Plasmodium malariae causes a mild type (72-hour fever spikes).

What effect do glucocorticoids have on glycogen synthesis?

Increase.

What is a pulmonary 'cavitary lesion?'

A cavitary lesion occurs in pneumonia caused by S. aureus.

What is a pulmonary 'lobular lesion'?

A lobular lesion occurs in pneumonia caused by S. pneumonias.

What do H1 antihistamines like diphenhydramine do in allergy treatment?

They decrease IP₃ and DAG.

What are the two classes of local anesthetics?

Esters and amides. Note that amides have 2 'i's in their name. If a patient is allergic to one class, he/she will not be allergic to the other class (and vice versa).

Which cytokine is important against Leshmaniasis (caused by a protozoan parasite)?

The most important cytokine to stimulate macrophage antimicrobial activity is the one produced by TH1 cells, namely, INF-gamma.

Staghorn renal stones

The above is a picture of staghorn renal stones most likely caused by recurrent proteus infection. These stones are very large and can result from progressive accretion of struvite or magnesium ammonium phosphate. Since ammonia comes from hydrolysis of urea, infections by urea-splitting bacteria such as Proteus and Staphylococcus can produce staghorn calculi. Struvite stones occur in patients at risk for UTIs.

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