Notes on the Endocrine Pancreas
Rahul's Noteblog
Notes on Endocrinology
Notes on the Endocrine Pancreas
Pancreatic cells:
Delta: somatostatin.
Alpha: glucagon.
Beta: insulin and C peptide.
Insulin functions:
• Released after meals.
• Peripheral uptake of glucose.
• Released after high carbohydrate or protein-containing meal.
• Increases glycogen synthesis in muscle and liver.
• Increases protein synthesis.
• Decreases triglyceride breakdown by decreasing lipase activity (lipase activated by stress hormones).
• Pumps K+ into cells; used to treat acne and hyperkalemia.
• Also accompanying naturally secreted insulin is pancreatic C peptide.
• Note: pancreatic C peptide does not accompany artificially injected insulin and this is how natural insulin is differentiated from artificially injected insulin.
Inhibitors of insulin secretion:
• Somatostatin, NE.
Stimulants of insulin secretion:
• Glucose, amino acids, GIP, glucagon.
Diabetes mellitus:
Type II: obese, older, insulin resistance. Treatment is controlled diet and weight-loss.
Type I: lean, young, absence of insulin production.
Glucagon and actions:
• Released during starvation or fasting.
• Peptide hormone that stimulates glucose production.
• Secreted by pancreatic islets.
• Acts on hepatocytes.
• Increases: glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, ketogenesis, ureagenesis, insulin secretion, lipolysis.
• Decreases: lipogenesis.
• Secretion inhibited by: hyperglycemia, insulin, somatostatin.
• Secretion promoted by: hypoglycemia, AAs.
Additional Readings:
Basic Endocrinology
Introduction to Endocrinology
1. Hypothalamic-pituitary system
2. Adrenal Hormones
3. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) and ECF Regulation
4. Endocrine Pancreas
5. Growth Hormone
6. Adrenal Medulla
7. Hormonal Control of Calcium and Phosphate
8. Thyroid Hormones
9. Hormones of Male Reproduction
10. Hormones of Female Reproduction
11. Fluid Compartments of the Body
12. Notes on Hypothalamus Anterior Pituitary and Thyroid
13. Additional Notes on Female Reproduction
14. Hormonal Signaling Pathways
Related Topics
1. Histology of the Endocrine System
2. Histology of the Male Reproductive System
3. Histology of the Female Reproductive System
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