Notes on Ventricular System

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CSF:
• Protection of brain.
• Produced by choroid plexus.

Hydrocephalus:
• Communicating hydrocephalus: Overproduction of CSF.
• Noncommunicating hydrocephalus: Blocked CSF flow.
• Normal Pressure hydrocephalus: CSF not absorbed by arachnoid villi; enlarged ventricles.

Ventricles:
• Two lateral (located deep within cerebral hemispheres).
• Third (located in midline within diencephalon).
• Fourth (located between dorsal surfaces of pons and upper medulla, and ventral surface of cerebellum).

Communucations:
• [Lateral] - interventricular foramen (foramen of Monro) - [third] - interventricular foramen (foramen of Monro) - [Lateral.]
• [Third] - cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius) - [fourth.]

CSF:
• 70% secreted by choroid; 30% is by metabolic water production.

Subarachnoid space lies outside CNS.

CSF exits CNS (to flow into the subarachnoid space) through three openings in fourth ventricle:
• Two lateral foramina of Luschka.
• Medical foramen of Magendie.
Then, CSF flows around brain and spinal cord; returns to venous system through superior sagittal dural venous sinus.

Choroid plexus papilloma: CSF oversecretion.

Meningitis: limits absorption in superior sagittal dural venous sinus.

Enlarged ventricles press cortex against the skull.

RBCs in CSF: trauma.
Protein in CSF: CNS tumor.

Blood-brain barrier:
• Formed by capillary endothelium connected by tight junctions; maintained by astrocytes.
• Free diffusion: water.
• Carrier-mediated diffusion: glucose.

Blood-CSF barrier:
• Formed by epithelial cells of choroid plexus.
• Similar transport mechanisms to blood-brain barrier.

Additional Readings:

Basic Neurology

1. Peripheral Nervous System
2. Central Nervous System
3. The Ventricular System
4. The Spinal Cord
5. The Brain Stem
6. The Cerebellum
7. Visual Pathways
8. Diencephalon
9. Basal Ganglia
10. Cerebral Cortex
11. The Limbic System
12. Sleep Disorders
13. Autonomic Nervous System
14. Cranial Nerves and Parasympathetic Ganglia
15. Cells of the Nervous System
16. Cerebrospinal fluid
17. Additional short notes on Cerebrum
18. Functions and Diseases of Cerebrum
19. Subcortical Grey Matter
20. Notes on The Spinal Cord
21. Regulation of Heart Rate by Autonomic Nervous System
22. Action Potentials, Axon Conduction, and Neuromuscular Junction

Related Topics

1. Nervous System Disorders
2. Histology of Nervous Tissue

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