Bacterial Locations and Toxins

Rahul's Noteblog Notes on Bacteriology Bacterial Locations and Toxins

Locations of Bacteria:

Location:	Bacteria:
Blood/internal organs	None
Skin	S. epidermidis.
Nose	S. aureus.
Oropharynx:	Viridans streptococci, S. mutans (dental plaque).
Mouth	Bacteroides, prevotella, fusobacterium, streptococcus, actinomyces.
Stomach	None
Colon of Babies	Bifidobacterium.
Colon of Adults	Bacteroides / prevotella, escherichia, bifidobacterium.
Vagina	Lactobacillus, Group B streptococci (infection causes meningitis and septich3ia in newborns).

Bacterial Colonization:

• Adherence.

• Partial adherence.

• Avoiding immediate destruction.

Ability to Survive Intracellularly:

• M. tuberculosis: inhibits phagosome-lysosome fusion.

• Listeria: escapes into cytoplasm before phagosome-lysosome fusion.

Toxins:

Endotoxin: LPS.

• Lipid toxin.

• Gram- bacteria; released after cell death.

• Heat stable.

• Activates macrophages, causing release of inflammatory cytokines. Causes fever, tissue damage.

• Shock and DIC follow.

Exotoxins:

• Protein toxin.

• Gram +/-.

• Secreted.

Two components:

• A: active.

• B: binds to receptors to facilitate entrance of A.

• Eg., cytolysins - lyse cell by damaging membrane.

Toxins and their Mechanisms:

Protein inhibitors:

Organism:	Toxin:
C. diphtheria	Diphtheria toxin: ADP ribosyl transferase; inactivates EF-2.
P. aeruginosa	Exotoxin A: ADP ribosyl transferase; inactivates EF-2.
S. dysenteriae	Shiga toxin: interferes with 60S ribosomal subunit.
EHEC	Verotoxin: interferes with 60S ribosomal subunit.

Neurotoxins:

Bacteria:	Toxin:
C. tetani	Tetanus toxin: blocks release of inhibitory transmitters glycine and GABA.
C. botulinum	Botulism toxin: blocks release of ACh.

Endotoxin enhancers:

Bacteria:	Toxin:
S. aureus	TSST-1: pyrogenic (fever): decreases liver clearance of LPS; superantigen.
S. pyogenes	Enterotoxin A: similar to TSST-1.

cAMP enhancers:

Bacteria:	Toxin:
E. coli	Heat labile toxin (LT): stimulates an adenylate cyclase by ADP ribolylation of GTP binding protein.
Vibrio cholerae	Cholera toxin: stimulates an adenylate cyclase by ADP ribolylation of GTP binding protein.
B. anthracis	Anthrax toxin: EF/LF/PA.
B. pertussis	Pertussis toxin: ADP ribosylates Gi, the negative regulator of adenylate cyclase; increased cAMP.

Cytolysins:

Bacteria:	Toxin:
C. perfringens	Alpha toxin: lecithinase.
S. aureus	Alpha toxin: forms pores.

Additional Readings:

Basic Bacteriology

1. Bacterial Locations and Toxins
2. Growth Medias and Oxygen Requirements
3. Staphylococus
4. Streptococcus
5. Enterococcus
6. Bacillus
7. Listeria
8. Corynebacterium
9. Actinomyces
10. Nocadria
11. Mycobacterium
12. Clostridium
13. Neisseria
14. Pseudomonas
15. Legionella
16. Bordetella
17. Francisella
18. Brucella
19. Campylobacter
20. Escherichia
21. Shigella
22. Klebsiella
23. Salmonella
24. Yersinia
25. Proteus
26. Vibrio
27. Pasteurella
28. Haemophilus
29. Bacteriodes and Prevotella
30. Treponema
31. Borrelia
32. Rickettsia
33. Coxiella
34. Ehrlichia
35. Chlamydia
36. Mycoplasma
37. What is an ELEK's Test?
38. Causes of Orchitis
39. What is Leprosy?
40. What is Folliculitis?
41. What is Botulism?
42. How to interpret PPD (Purified Protein Derivative) results?
43. Prenatal Infections

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